US President Barack Obama
We're gonna punish our enemies and we're gonna reward our friends who stand with us on issues that are important to us...
has cautioned that affiliates such as Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), a unit of the bad boy group that effectively controls parts of Yemen, still pose a threat despite successful efforts to disrupt the organization's core leadership.
His warning came after the United States closed 19 diplomatic missions in the Middle East and Africa last week after reported intelligence intercepts from Al Qaeda suggested an attack was imminent.
Reports indicated the intercepts involved some kind of group communication between Al Qaeda supremo Ayman al-
Zawahiri... Formerly second in command of al-Qaeda, now the head cheese, occasionally described as
the real brains of the outfit.Formerly the Mister Big of Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Bumped off Abdullah Azzam with a car boom in the course of one of their little disputes. Is thought to have composed bin Laden's fatwa entitled World Islamic Front Against Jews and Crusaders. Currently residing in the North Wazoo area. That is not a horn growing from the middle of his forehead, but a prayer bump, attesting to how devout he is...
, and AQAP leader Nasser al-Wuhayshi.
Zawahiri assumed Al-Qaeda leadership when the late Osama bin Laden
... who is now sometimes referred to as
Mister Bones...
was killed in a US special forces raid in Pakistain in 2011 and the 62-year-old Egyptian is believed to be hiding in the border region with Afghanistan.
Rahimullah Yusufzai, an expert on Islamist groups in Pakistain, said that while the traditional core leadership of Al-Qaeda -- which was was founded in Beautiful Downtown Peshawar
...capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province), administrative and economic hub for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Peshawar is situated near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass, convenient to the Pak-Afghan border. Peshawar has evolved into one of Pakistan's most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities, which means lots of gunfire.
, northwest Pakistain, in 1988, still retains symbolic importance, its operational centre of gravity has moved.
"In terms of strength, of power, of effectiveness, we can say it has shifted," he told AFP. "It is no longer Pakistain or Afganistan, so most of the fighters, most of the affiliates, are not in Pakistain and Afghanistan. By and large, the plans are not coming from Zawahiri."
Zawahiri, who has a $25 million US government bounty on him, lacks the charisma of bin Laden but has long been seen as the brains of Al Qaeda.
Pak author and security analyst Imtiaz Gul said that while Al Qaeda's operational leadership had spread into regional franchises, Zawahiri remained an "inspirational force."
"They don't need someone as charismatic as Osama bin Laden was and they have I think ideological ammunition, ideological fuel which is helping them stay afloat," he told AFP.
The recent revelation of an ambitious plot in Yemen to seize control of two cities, as well as an oil export terminal, showed AQAP to be highly motivated, and Wuhayshi is believed to have been promoted to second in command of the global organization behind Zawahiri.
Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, senior fellow at the Foundation for Defence of Democracies, in Washington, said Wuhayshi's promotion indicated Al Qaeda was broadening the 'core' leadership as AQAP grew in expertise.
"When we talk about Al-Qaeda core there's no reason it can only exist in Afghanistan-Pakistain, Wuhayshi being made the general manager, that very clearly makes him part of the core," Gartenstein-Ross told AFP.
"We see a geographic shift towards Yemen but that's not necessarily a shift to AQAP and away from the core, the way I see it, the core is expanding."
Al Qaeda was established when the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan, to unite disparate groups of fighters who had come to battle the occupation, with the aim of taking the jihad to a bigger, more global scale, attacking targets around the world.
But Al Qaeda franchises across the Middle East and north Africa have been increasingly active in recent years and Yemen's geographical location makes it a more convenient base than Pakistain or Afghanistan for communicating with these groups, Gartenstein-Ross noted.
Washington has been keen to trumpet its successes against Al Qaeda's central leadership, pointing to the bin Laden raid and commanders killed in the long-running US drone campaign in northwest Pakistain and more recently Yemen.
But a recent report by Canadian intelligence gave a more cautious assessment, pointing out Al Qaeda leadership's resilience and adaptability in surviving for a quarter of a century in the face of a concerted onslaught.
The report also warned the withdrawal of US-led forces from Afghanistan next year, coupled with the Pak authorities' apparent inability or unwillingness to crack down on the organization, could give it the cross-border physical sanctuaries it needs to survive.
Saifullah Khan Mehsud of Islamabad's FATA Research Center, an expert on Pakistain's tribal belt along the Afghan border that has been an important haven for Islamist forces of Evil since the 1980s, agreed.
"If Afghanistan is able to come to a common platform, if they agree with each other to have a common political vision for the country in some kind of alliance between different groups, then it will be very difficult for Al-Qaeda to find sanctuaries there," he said.
"But if there is civil war Al Qaeda will be in a better position to find sanctuary there."The Taliban, which sheltered bin Laden until the US-led invasion in the wake of 9/11, has said it will not let Afghan territory be used to attack other countries.