Mubarak ruled Egypt for 30 years until he was deposed following mass protests against his rule in 2011, during the Arab spring. He was jailed for years after the uprising, but was freed in 2017 after being acquitted of most charges.
His democratically elected successor, Mohamed Morsi, was overthrown in 2013 in a popularly backed military coup. Many see echoes of Mubarak’s style of leadership in Egypt’s current leader, the former general Abdel Fatah al-Sisi.
Al-Grauniad's Non-Preferred Authoritarian
Mubarak was the first of the leaders toppled in a wave of Arab uprisings to face trial. In scenes that captivated Egyptians, he appeared in a courtroom cage on a range of charges.
He was acquitted by Egypt’s highest appeals court in March 2017 of conspiring to kill protesters in the final verdict in a long-running case that originally resulted in him being sentenced to life in prison in 2012 over the deaths of 239 protesters. A separate corruption charge was overturned in January 2015.
Mubarak often appeared in a frail state during his court appearances, attending on a stretcher and wearing dark sunglasses.