The refusal on Friday from the nation’s highest court follows a request from special counsel Jack Smith to make a swift and "definitive" ruling on whether the former president can claim "immunity" from prosecution for crimes allegedly committed while in office.
The DC Circuit Court of Appeals will hear oral arguments on the "immunity" defence on 9 January.
A federal grand jury indictment charges Mr Trump for his alleged attempts to subvert the outcome of the 2020 presidential election, including his failure to stop a mob of his supporters from breaking into the US Capitol to stop the certification of the results on January 6.
The federal judge overseeing the case has rejected Mr Trump’s arguments, and Mr Trump has vowed to appeal.
The Supreme Court’s response tells the parties that the justices won’t get involved in the case, for now.
The justices did not cite a reason for the decision.