One of the many wondrous peoples that poured forth from the rich imagination of the late J. R. R. Tolkien were the Ents. These tree-like creatures, agonizingly slow and covered with mossy bark, nursed themselves on tales of past glory while their numbers dwindled in their isolation. Unable to reproduce themselves or to fathom the evil outside their peaceful forest — and careful to keep to themselves and avoid reacting to provocation of the tree-cutters and forest burners — they assumed they would be given a pass from the upheavals of Middle Earth. But with the sudden arrival of two volatile hobbits, the nearby evils of timber-cutting, industrial devilry, and mass murder became too much for the Ents to stomach. They finally "wake up" (literally). Then they go on the offensive — and are amazed at the power they still wield in destroying Saruman's empire.
For Tolkien, who wrote in a post-imperial Britain bled white from stopping Prussian militarism and Hitler's Nazism, only to then witness the rise of the more numerous, wealthier, and crasser Americans, such specters were haunting. Indeed, there are variants of the Ent theme throughout Tolkien's novels, from the dormant Riders of Rohan — whose king was exorcised from his dotage and rallied the realm's dwindling cavalry to recover lost glory and save the West — to the hobbits themselves. The latter, protected by slurred "Rangers," live blissfully unaware that radical changes in the world have brought evil incarnate to their very doorstep. Then to their amazement they discover that of all people, a hobbit rises to the occasion, and really does stand up well when confronted with apparently far more powerful and evil adversaries. The entire novel is full of such folk — the oath-breaking Dead who come alive to honor their once-broken pact, or the now-fallen and impotent High Elves who nevertheless do their part in the inevitable war to come.
Tolkien always denied an allegorical motif or any allusions to the contemporary dangers of appeasement or the leveling effects of modernism. And scholars bicker over whether he was lamenting the end of the old England, old Europe, or the old West — in the face of the American democratic colossus, the Soviet Union's tentacles, or the un-chivalrous age of the bomb. But the notion of decline, past glory, and 11th-hour reawakening are nevertheless everywhere in the English philologist's Lord of the Rings. Was he on to something? More specifically, does the Ents analogy work for present-day Europe?
Continued on Page 49
Posted by: ed ||
12/10/2004 11:44 ||
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#1
Before you laugh at the silly comparison, remember that the Western military tradition is European. Today the continent is unarmed and weak, but deep within its collective mind and spirit still reside the ability to field technologically sophisticated and highly disciplined forces â if it were ever to really feel threatened. One murder began to arouse the Dutch; what would 3,000 dead and a toppled Eiffel Tower do to the French? Or how would the Italians take to a plane stuck into the dome of St. Peter?
This is an excellent point! It's as if it's all happening in slow motion. Western Civilization doesn't just stop and turn around on a dime ...it's like a thundering herd that runs together. But 9/11 and other events have caused the herd to slow, to looking around. Woe to our enemies when, as a group, we turn to face them.
Lord of the Rings was essentially complete by 1945. And as Tolkien himself has stated, the plot was largely established beyond change by 1939. So unless he was a prophet, it was NOT about post war American dominance, the USSR, or the Atom bomb.
Youd think a classicist would be more careful about drawing conclusions from texts.
#5
Liberalhawk, what makes you think the decline of England and Europe -- and a sense of doom and larger decline - only started after WWII? Tolkien himself talked a lot about the massive loss of life among his friends during WWI and certainly trench and chemical warfare experienced by Tolkien's generation had a huge impact on western Europe's sense of pride and view of the future.
Moreover, US technological leadership was emerging well before WWII as well. Consider the impact on England of the steamboat, the telegraph and telephone, all (except the telephone) invented in the 19th century and all American inventions. And while a Brit did invent an incandescent lightbulb, Edison's was the one that took the market by storm, changing the character of village life as they switched from gaslight to the brighter electrical ones. Moreover, it was the Americans who introduced 19th century business changes like mail order catalogues, which also impacted rural life in Britain over time.
#7
Seriously, what rkb said. Britain's decline and the rising US's energy and soon-to-be established hegemony were a sub-theme of post-WWI English and (in Yeats' case) literature. Forster, Ford Madox Ford, Waugh, Maugham: everyone with experience beyond Europe recognized that the amazing productivity and extraordinary growth of the US, combined with Britain's rapid decline (they lost ~10% of their male population, and a much higher % of their aristocratic class, in WWI), meant that by the 1930s the best hope for protecting Britain's interests had passed to the yanks. Waugh hated the very thought of this; Forster was optimistic; Maugham and others were resigned to it.
#8
There will be no Spartan awakening or thundering herd to the rescue. In two of the countries mentioned the battle is already lost. In the Netherlands, the majority of babies born in the cities are Muslim. In France, already 1/3 of all babies born are Muslim. In 10 years, 1/2 of all babies will be Muslim. The situation is probably worse in Belgium. All they have to do is sit tight and collect benefits for the next 30 years and the Muslims will own the core of western Europe.
Posted by: ed ||
12/10/2004 14:26 Comments ||
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#9
Liberalhawk,
VDH wrote "scholars bicker" over bomb,etc,VDH did not say HE was interpretating texts that way. As to American power and fear of Soviet Union,they were very real to Englishmen in the post-WW I era. Soviet Russia was evil to a great many Englishmen who had faith in "traditional English values".Post-war Great Britain refused-for first time to-engage in naval arms race w/US,because Britain knew it would lose. Further,new research believes Tolkien was heavily influenced by First World War,which did not end til major US intervention.
Posted by: Stephen ||
12/10/2004 14:29 Comments ||
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#10
There will be no Spartan awakening or thundering herd to the rescue
Agree re overall numbers ("herd") but not sure we will not see the rise of a few brave and clearsighted Spartans. Look at how quickly ordinary Dutchmen and women have turned around. The elites are clueless, but you have large and spontaneous demands for toughness and an end to PC idiocy. I would bet there are many more Fortuyns, Fabrizio Quattrocchis and Oriana Fallacis in Old Europe than we suppose.
#11
in the face of the American democratic colossus, the Soviet Union's tentacles, or the un-chivalrous age of the bomb
Couldnt have looked forward to the age of the bomb. It wasnt even clear one could be built in 1939. Probably didnt like the USSRs tentacles, but far from clear how long theyd be in 1939. And yes, the US WAS a rising economic and cultural colossus pre-39 - which is why I said POSTWAR american dominance - the prewar phenomenon was quite different.
In any case I think its pretty clear Tolkien was bemoaning the loss of a general pre-industrial world - he would have mourned the loss of inns and small farms in New England as much in his own old England. He certainly had a POLITICAL sense of people avoiding dark threats - I think thats as much the impending threat of fascism, as the threat of Communism, and certainly is NOT the threat from the US - CS Lewis, one of Tolkiens closest friends, had an American wife, IIRC.
Im not challenging VDHs awareness of history, but his detailed knowledge of Tolkien lore. From the quote above, it sounds like VDH thinks LOTR was written post 1946. Post-Imperial Britain? When Tolkien was writing LOTR, the Union Jack flew over India (including Pakistan, Bangladesh, ) over much of the Middle East, and over half of Africa. Depending on WHICH chapter of LOTR youre talking about, they had lost Burma,Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong to the Japanese, and very small parts of Egypt to the Germans/Italians. All of which they were fighting very hard to get back. Post-Imperial my foot.
#13
Actually, lex, I think he already has. There's been a noticeable shift in tone since Nov 2nd. IMHO. Not good, that, I miss the "meet you in the middle" Lh.
:-/
#14
When Tolkien was writing LOTR, the Union Jack flew over India (including Pakistan, Bangladesh, ) over much of the Middle East, and over half of Africa ... they had lost Burma,Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong to the Japanese, and very small parts of Egypt to the Germans/Italians. All of which they were fighting very hard to get back. Post-Imperial my foot
Well, Churchill and others realized by the end of WWI that the Empire was gone. And the lousy state of the British military in the early and mid 1930s -- which Churchill deplored -- suggests someone wasn't interested in conquest / keeping overseas territory.
Lewis didn't meet Mrs. Joy Davidson Gresham until 1952 and didn't marry her until after her divorce and the visa issue arose in 1956. Red herring.
Posted by: too true ||
12/10/2004 15:14 Comments ||
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#15
Lex - Im pretty mild compared to SOME Tolkien geeks :).
Dot com - since Nov 2, criticising Bush doesnt mean backing Kerry. Theres no more fear that a criticism of Bush could mean Bush losing. Now Bush has won, and doing right is HIS responsibility. And I feel freer to call on him to do right, and point out when hes doing wrong. Im still prepared to meet in the middle, and I would suggest that there are few partisan dems who would be comfortable with what ive posted here SINCE Nov 2. But if "meet in the middle" means that you think of me as a moderate Republican, who likes Bush but doesnt like Anne Coulter, youve got me wrong.
Too true - good factual point on Lewis, but my point was that Tolkien wasnt hanging with an antiAmerican crowd. Churchill pointed out UK military weakness wrt another great power war - they had more than enough to keep order in the empire. And I dont think Churchill recognized the empire was gone, hell we went into the political wilderness in large part because of his uncompromising stand on India, IIUC.
In any case, even if it was clear that the empire was doomed, Britain was NOT post Imperial, in the normal meaning of that term, before 1946. Really. We might as well refer to post Soviet Russia, starting in, say, 1973, since foresighted by then already realized the USSR could not survive. But thats not how we use words in English. Its clear that VDH doesnt have the foggiest when Tolkien wrote LOTR. Dismiss this as fanboy geekery if you wish, but VDH is basing the whole column on this.
#16
Lol - now that's Lh, heh. Okay, bro, you're the honorable opposition & resident gadfly, lol! I salute you and look forward to future engagements. May you lose your ass as gracefully as you just handed me mine, heh. ;-)
#19
"Russian tentacles" were pretty obvious in 1939. Beyond all Soviet rhetoric about communism conquering the world,there were the actions of Soviet Union itself. Contributed heavily to one side in Spanish Civil War. Fought and won a pretty serious border war w/Japan in 1939. Attacked Finland,and in height of idiocy,British political leaders suggested entering war w/Finland AGAINST Soviet Russia,mostly to grab Swedish ore,but also because West Europe public opinion was for Finns. Also proposals to bomb Russian oil fields to keep Russia from supplying Hitler. The Baltic countries were gobbled up by Soviet Union as result of pact w/Hitler. Finally,after Britain went to war w/Germany over Poland,the Russians also invaded Poland. We'll just ignore the great PR from the purges,the murder of Trotsky,the collectivization of the farms,etc.
Posted by: Stephen ||
12/10/2004 17:43 Comments ||
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#20
Tiger is obviously exploited by the violence inherent in the system, Shipman
#21
Milne was listening to the inner deep rage of the brilliant everyman Eeeeyore fighting the establishment intellectual Owl, all the while constrainted by the Union Thug activities of rabbit and his assorted friends and relatives.
The transformation of EDWARD BEAR into POOH was part and parcel of the DIALECTIC by CR and CRs quest for One Wood Government OWG and the alliance of the HONEY industry with the HAYCORN---VIS A VIS YOUNG OAK lobby. The HUFFALUMP is the creature that CR will use to impose OWG on the YOUTH, SMALL and ROO with their special medicines.
#22
That's an awful lot of CAPS action, Shipman; be careful you're not mistaken for someone else.
Posted by: Dave D. ||
12/10/2004 18:07 Comments ||
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#23
Truth DEMANDS cap action.
And LOTS of IT!
GOD made upper case and bold type faces for a reason and the reason is COMMUNICATION! Think of constant cap lock action like the burning bush. LOL I am nearing hellfire now.... Maybe Heyzues come back has a lowly blower who is crucified BECAUSE OF CONSTANT CAPS. hee hee!
#26
LH: "Couldnt have looked forward to the age of the bomb. It wasnt even clear one could be built in 1939."
Considering that "By the Waters of Babylon" by Stephen Vincent Benet was published in 1937 and the story appears to involve a post new clear a pork a lips, methinx the failure of imagination is yourn alone.
Posted by: Dr August Balls of Nice ||
12/10/2004 18:36 Comments ||
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#27
Well, Britain wasn't post imperial in 1939, or even 45. What had changed (and what churchill lamented in the 30s) was the nature of empire, we had moved from a militaristic slant to a fully commercial one. After all the British empire came about for commercial rather than ideological reasons (which is the new American empire based on i wonder?) for trading slaves and opium primarily, it just evolved. After world war two when holding vast amounts of land around the world became untenable and unrealistic we focused much more on the commonwealth and Sterling Banking area, as that gave us propriatary trade agreements without the need to govern the coutries via military force. I agree that tolkein lamented an end of a simpler time and the march of industrialisation and mechanisation and, as these were certainly given a massive boost by world war one, perhaps there is a grain of truth in the analogy of the article, but i would say you have to squint to see it.
#1
This is an interesting recitation of the 9/11 Commission findings and the subsequent / recommended legislation with analysis. What I find most fascinating, however, is a step removed from the actual text. The subtext caught my attention. B Raman, obviously a distinguished former India Cabinet Secretary and currently Director of an Indian think tank, must've been giddy writing it. Imagine the assignment: Tell us what the US should do. Lol!
Hell, telling America what it should do is a global sport - enjoyed by all, from software students in Greece to the monkeys of organ grinders in Hyde Park. The learned B Raman certainly gave it a good effort and enjoyed the process immensely, I'm sure.
I could point out that India has (had?) tremendous potential... resources, smart people, courageous and hard-working... but what is India today? Unrealized potential, still. Too many mouths, too little productivity - a first tier potential mired in third tier reality. So I guess, in actual practice, perhaps Indian views aren't necessarily hot shit - think tank or no.
Similarly we could look to the deep thinkers elsewhere for that golden "What you should do is..." answer - but wait a second... on average they fare little better than India, in fact. Hmmm... how can this be - given their vaunted rich heritage, constant eloquent opining, and sophisticated deep thought universities and think tanks? Aren't they superior and our betters? Lordy, they all say so and seem to believe it themselves - even to the point of trying to meddle in our elections process, bleeping and mewling about how they should have a vote or some such nonsense. Hmmm. Looking closely, we see that many are sliding backwards economically, in fact, and miring themselves in socialism and failed ideologies... Call me an uppity cowboy, but that looks like a sure recipe for disaster, not salvation. So maybe, just maybe, they aren't such hot shit, either.
Gee, what's left? I guess us dumb as hell simplisme cowboy superpower Americans will have to just keep muddling along on American thoughts and solutions. We haven't done half-bad, I guess, and better than most all the rest.
JPost - Reg req'd so I'm posting it all..
It was a telling sign when senior commanders in the Central Command recently started counting the number of Palestinian stone-throwing incidents in the West Bank. For the past four years of the latest conflict, called by the Palestinians the "Aksa Intifada," the army counted mainly suicide bombings, shootings and petrol bomb attacks. Stonings weren't even mentioned. Looking at the dry statistics, the level of terror has been reduced drastically in the past few months to what appears to be on par with that before September 2000. There could be a suicide bombing tomorrow, but then again there were suicide bombings before this latest round of conflict, too.
Amazing, what a few deaths will do for regional peace and stability...
The Aksa Intifada is over. No one in the IDF would be foolish enough to make such a far-reaching statement, but the statistics speak for themselves. From the IDF's perspective, the relative calm Israel is experiencing now is not connected to the death of Yasser Arafat or other changes in the Palestinian nation, but is rather the direct result of the aggressive action against terrorists by the IDF, aided by the Shin Bet (Israel Security Agency) and Border Police. The army said it has arrested six suicide bombers since Arafat died a month ago. This shows the motivation is still there, but the capabilities are steadily deteriorating.
Prob'ly the action started dropping off when Yassin and Rantissi departed this vale of tears in rapid succession...
For the moment, the Central Command can mark for itself an impressive achievement. "Our rate of catching terrorists is now quicker than their rate of replacing themselves," said a senior officer.
I think even the Paleos might see an end in sight, unless they take the opportunity to miss an opportunity again...
This means that the arrests and targeting of key terrorist cell leaders happen about as often as they take up command. They are nabbed before they gain sufficient expertise. In many cases, lower-level activists find themselves at the head of a cell, and even then spend most of their time avoiding arrest. Just in the past two months, security forces have arrested some 800 suspects, including nearly 300 wanted fugitives, in hundreds of raids. Families have also turned in 20 suspected suicide bombers since September. That said, the Central Command recently published a booklet with the names and photos of more than 500 new suspected terrorists, drawn from a bottomless well. "These guys are young, very young," said an intelligence officer. "They don't survive long."
Youth brings enthusiasm, leading to a bullet. Age brings a bit of wisdom, leading to a rocket. Works for me.
Perspective is needed here. By the army's count, there are 2,075,000 Palestinians living in the West Bank and 229,000 Jewish settlers in 123 settlements. The State of Israel deploys about 10,000 soldiers to protect the country from Palestinian terrorism. There are roughly 40 terrorist cells operating throughout the territories, mostly inside the large Arab cities. There is no longer any organizational discipline among terrorist groups. The groups themselves are more or less cocktails of Hamas, Fatah Tanzim, Islamic Jihad and PFLP members. IDF sources described them as "less ideological and more territorial," employing gang-type extortion to survive.
I think of them as gangs with poltical faces...
The Palestinians are said to be in a state of anarchy, accumulated fatigue and suffering from a loss of a sense of internal security from increasing crime, murder and burglary. Only 10 percent of crimes ever reach court, and there is a return to the clan justice of old. IDF intelligence holds that nationalist terror is on the decline and global terrorism is taking its place. This can be seen in the increasing involvement of Hizbullah in Palestinian terror. The army maintains that about 75% of all West Bank terrorist cells are funded, directed and even armed by Hizbullah. It is also expected that Hizbullah will try to infiltrate agents into the territories and terrorists may adopt some of its public-relations tactics like filming attacks.
Hezbollah will probably provide the incident leading to war with Iran and/or Syria...
Much has been written about the IDF tactics developed to wage this low-intensity conflict. Technology such as sensors and surveillance tools, together with an overhauled doctrine, have allowed the army to reduce its battle-order significantly in the past year. That means fewer soldiers are performing more missions. Also, operations that once took a few days can now be implemented with three or hours' notice, and sometimes even less. Tanks have not been used in the West Bank for more than two years. The IDF is proud of its record. It feels it has met its goals of providing Israel with an acceptable level of security, preventing internationalization of the conflict, blocking Palestinian achievements through violence and providing the government with an environment suitable for negotiations.
Posted by: Frank G ||
12/10/2004 12:31:32 PM ||
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#1
Excellent. Long predicted at RB the pali army is now being led by 90 day wonders.
#2
Terrorism is a business and needs its cash flow. A lot of that has dried up over the last couple of years. Hence the need for self-funding by cells, which exposes the cells to arrest/revenge. Still need to stop the cash coming from Iran and, dare I say it, the UN.
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